(シー・ツー Shī Tsū, pronounced C2) (しーつー), is the tritagonist of Code Geass: Lelouch of the Rebellion. Her seiyu is Yukana while she is voiced by Kate Higgins in the English dub. Is not her real name; she involuntarily reveals her real name to Lelouch in her sleep, but it is muted so the. Cprogramming.com is the best site for C and C++ programming, featuring popular, beginner-friendly C++ programming tutorials and home of Jumping into C++, a plain English guide to C++ programming.

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Introduction

In the previous article we looked at the options for developing cross-platform applications in C# programming. The technology that makes this possible is Mono from Novell. In this article we'll take an existing Windows C# application and run it on both Mac OS X and Linux. Before we dive into the details it's important to take a quick look at what Mono is and where it came from to help you understand what's happening behind the scenes.

The Mono project has been around for almost nine years and started out as an effort to implement an open-source version of the ECMA-standard (ECMA-334) C# programming language and the companion Common Language Infrastructure or CLI (defined in ECMA-335). These standards correspond with Microsoft's products commonly known as the .NET framework platform. Programs written with Mono run on different platforms through the use of native run-times. If fact, you can run the exact same .EXE file on any supported platform with the Mono runtime installed.

Version 2.0 of the Mono runtime was the first release to provide robust support for native Windows Forms applications. That basically means that Novell implemented all of the System.Windows.Forms namespace. Under the cover, Mono uses the System.Drawing library along with drivers for X11, Win32 and OS X to do the heavy lifting. While Windows Forms applications will run on any supported platform, you'll still have to use Microsoft Visual Studio for the actual design and coding if you want to use a visual designer. We'll discuss the Mono Visual Studio add-in a little later.

Porting Considerations

While Mono makes it possible to run Windows Forms-based apps on virtually any OS, it doesn't mean they will look great on another platform. In many cases the look and feel will be adequate, but there may be some cases where the differences are significant. The Mono team has put together a guide on their website that walks you through the process of porting an application using the Mono Migration Analyzer (MoMA) to determine potential issues.

To test out MoMA we downloaded a number of Windows Forms samples from the windowsclient.net website. The RegexTest sample illustrates an issue that tends to pop up between platforms. When you run the MoMA tool against the RegexTest.exe file, it gives the following warning:

Setting this is probably unintentional and can cause Forms to be improperly sized. See http://www.mono-project.com/FAQ:_Winforms#My_forms_are_sized_improperly for details.

The result when you run the application on Linux is a chopped off window that doesn't fully show the buttons at the bottom of the form. Figure 1 shows what it looks like on Windows, and figure 2 shows the same application running on Linux.

Figure 1 RegexTest application running on Windows

Figure 2 RegexTest application on Linux

The fix is a simple one in this case. All of the visual components of this application are built in code, and the line that sets the size looks like this:

Changing it to the following fixes the problem:

Figure 3 Updated RegexTest app running on Linux.

Things to Watch For

One of the things that can cause problems when porting apps between operating systems stems from subtle differences like file naming conventions. Windows filenames are case insensitive while both Mac OS X and Linux are case sensitive. This can lead to issues if you have filenames for things like resources or images referenced either in code or in a configuration file that aren't consistent. You must also deal with the different usage of the ' versus the '/' in path names. Mono does offer a feature they call IOMap to specifically help with the path issue.

If you happen to be a Ubuntu, user you'll find the latest version of Mono available through the normal update channels is 2.4.4. While that shouldn't be a big issue, you could run into some problems if you're using any of the Language Integrated Query (LINQ) features. The latest version of Mono also begins to implement some of the C# 4.0 features along with ParallelFX, although you'll have to wait for at least 2.8 to get started with those.

One option for getting Mono 2.6 up and running on Ubuntu 10.4 is to build it from source. There are instructions on the Mono site on how to do it, but the process is not for a beginner. A quick Google search turned up a blog post about installing Mono 2.6.x in parallel on Ubuntu 9.10. You'll need to have subversion installed along with libtool to get the script to work properly.

Wrapping Up

One of the things we didn't cover in these two articles is the ability to write C# code using Mono for Apple's iPhone, iPod Touch and iPad. While you won't be able to take your Windows Forms apps to those platforms, you will be able to code in C#. It requires you to do all the coding on a Mac and use the Apple SDK. Building the actual interface can be done either programmatically or by using Apple's Interface Builder. Future versions of this same tool are planned for Google's Android platform as well.

Novell's Mono product is essentially the only game in town if you want to take an existing Windows Forms app and run it natively on Linux or Mac. It's also the primary force behind a number of popular open source apps like the Banshee media player and F-Spot photo manager. Mono is definitely worth a look if you have a need for cross-platform apps.

Ç or ç (c-cedilla) is a Latin script letter, used in the Albanian, Azerbaijani, Manx, Tatar, Turkish, Turkmen, Kurdish, Zazaki, and Portuguesealphabets. Romance languages that use this letter include Catalan, French, Friulian, Ligurian, Occitan, and Portuguese as a variant of the letter C. It is also occasionally used in Crimean Tatar and in Tajik (when written in the Latin script) to represent the /d͡ʒ/ sound. It is often retained in the spelling of loanwords from any of these languages in English, Basque, Dutch, Spanish and other Latin script spelled languages.

It was first used for the sound of the voiceless alveolar affricate/t͡s/ in Old Spanish and stems from the Visigothic form of the letter z (Ꝣ). The phoneme originated in Vulgar Latin from the palatalization of the plosives /t/ and /k/ in some conditions. Later, /t͡s/ changed into /s/ in many Romance languages and dialects. Spanish has not used the symbol since an orthographic reform in the 18th century (which replaced ç with the now-devoiced z), but it was adopted for writing other languages.

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, /ç/ represents the voiceless palatal fricative.

• 1Usage as a letter variant in various languages
• 3Computer

Usage as a letter variant in various languages[edit]

How To Link Forms In Visual Studio

Unless otherwise specified, in the following languages, ⟨ç⟩ represents the 'soft' sound /s/ where a ⟨c⟩ would normally represent the 'hard' sound /k/.

• Catalan. Known as ce trencada ('broken C') in this language, where it can be used before ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨u⟩ or at the end of a word. Some examples of words with ⟨ç⟩ are amenaça ('menace'), torçat ('twisted'), xoriço ('chorizo'), forçut ('strong'), dolç ('sweet') and caça ('hunting'). A well-known word with this character is Barça, a common Catalan clipping of Futbol Club Barcelona.
• French (cé cédille): français ('French'), garçon ('boy'), façade ('frontage'), grinçant ('squeaking'), leçon ('lesson'), reçu ('received' [past participle]). French does not use the character at the end of a word but it can occur at the beginning of a word (ça 'that').^[1]
• Friulian (c cun cedilie): it represents the voiceless postalveolar affricate/t͡ʃ/ before ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨u⟩ or at the end of a word.
• Occitan (ce cedilha): torçut ('twisted'), çò ('this'), ça que la ('nevertheless'), braç ('arm'), brèç ('cradle'), voraç ('voracious'). It can occur at the beginning of a word.
• Portuguese (cê-cedilha or cê cedilhado): it is used before ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨u⟩: taça ('cup'), braço ('arm'), açúcar ('sugar'). Modern Portuguese does not use the character at the beginning or at the end of a word (the nickname for Conceição is São, not Ção). According to a Portuguese grammar written in 1550, the letter ç had the sound of /dz/ around that time. Another grammar written around 1700 would say that the letter ç sounds like /s/, which shows a phonetic evolution that is still valid today.
• Manx: it is used in the digraph ⟨çh⟩, which represents /t͡ʃ/ (like ⟨ch⟩ in English chalk), to differentiate it from normal ⟨ch⟩, which represents /x/.
• Turkish: represents /t͡ʃ/. Examles çelik ('steel'), çilek ('strawberry'), and çamur ('mud').

In loanwords only[edit]

• In English, ⟨ç⟩ is used in loanwords such as façade and limaçon (although the cedilla mark is often dropped: ⟨facade⟩, ⟨limacon⟩).
• In Basque, ⟨ç⟩ (known as ze hautsia) is used in the loanword curaçao.
• In modern Spanish it can appear in loanwords, especially in Catalan proper nouns.
• In Dutch, it can be found in some words from French and Portuguese, such as façade, reçu, Provençaals and Curaçao.

Usage as a separate letter in various languages[edit]

It represents the voiceless postalveolar affricate/t͡ʃ/ in the following languages:

• the 4th letter of the Albanian alphabet.
• the 4th letter of the Azerbaijani alphabet.
• the 5th letter of the Tatar alphabet (based on Zamanälif).
• the 4th letter of the Turkish alphabet.
• the 3rd letter of the Turkmen alphabet.
• the 4th letter of the Zazaki alphabet.

It previously represented a voiceless palatal click/ǂ/ in Juǀʼhoansi and Naro, though the former has replaced it with ⟨ǂ⟩ and the latter with ⟨tc⟩.

The similarly-shaped letter the (Ҫ ҫ) is used in the Cyrillic alphabets of Bashkir and Chuvash to represent /θ/ and /ɕ/ respectively.

It also represents the retroflex flap/ɽ/ in the Rohingya Latin alphabet.

Computer[edit]

Character	Ç		ç
Unicode name	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA		LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA
Encodings	decimal	hex	decimal	hex
Unicode	199	U+00C7	231	U+00E7
UTF-8	195 135	C3 87	195 167	C3 A7
Numeric character reference	Ç	Ç	ç	ç
Named character reference	Ç		ç

Input[edit]

Visual C++ For Mac

On Albanian, French, Portuguese, Spanish, Turkish and Italian keyboards, Ç is directly available as a separate key; however, on most other keyboards, including the US/British keyboard, a combination of keys must be used:

• In the US-International keyboard layout, these are ' followed by either C or ⇧ Shift+C. Alternatively one may press AltGr+, or AltGr+⇧ Shift+,.
• In classic Mac OS and macOS, these are ⌥ Opt+C and ⌥ Opt+⇧ Shift+C for lower- and uppercase, respectively.
• In the X Window System and many Unix consoles, one presses sequentially Compose, , and either C or ⇧ Shift+C. Alternatively, one may press AltGr+= and then either C or ⇧ Shift+C.
• In Microsoft Windows, these are Alt+0231 or Alt+135 for lowercase and Alt+0199 or Alt+128 for uppercase.
• In Microsoft Word, these are Ctrl+, and then either C or ⇧ Shift+C.
• The HTML character entity references are ç and Ç for lower- and uppercase, respectively.
• In TeX and LaTeX, c is used for adding the cedilla accent to a letter, so c{c} produces 'ç'.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

C# Form In Visual Studio For Mac

1. ^The French Academy online dictionary also gives çà and çûdra.

Visual Studio Express For Mac

Look up Ç or ç in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.